Austenitic Stainless Steel:
| Standard | Grade | UNS | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | N | Ti | Nb | V | Al |
| ASTM A312 | TP304 | S30400 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~11.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A312 | TP304H | S30409 | 0.04~0.10 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~11.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A312 | TP304L | S30403 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~13.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A312 | TP316L | S31603 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 10.0~14.0 | 2.00~3.00 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | TP316 | S31600 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 11.0~14.0 | 2.00~3.00 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | TP316H | S31609 | 0.04~0.10 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 11.0~14.0 | 2.00~3.00 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | TP317 | S31700 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 11.0~14.0 | 3.0~4.0 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | TP317L | S31703 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 11.0~15.0 | 3.0~4.0 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | TP321 | S32100 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~12.0 | 0.10 | 5*C~0.70 | ||||
| ASTM A312 | TP321H | S32109 | 0.04~0.10 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~12.0 | 4*C~0.60 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | TP347 | S34700 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~13.00 | 10*C~1.00 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | TP347H | S34709 | 0.04~0.10 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~13.00 | 8*C~1.00 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | TP310S | S31008 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 24.0~26.0 | 19.0~22.0 | 0.75 | |||||
| ASTM A312 | 253MA | S30815 | 0.05-0.10 | 1.10-2.00 | 0.800 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 20.0-22.0 | 10.0-12.0 | 0.14-0.20 | Ce 0.03-0.08 not Nb |
| Standard | Grade | UNS | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | N | Ti | Nb | V | Al |
| ASTM A213 | TP304 | S30400 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~11.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A213 | TP304H | S30409 | 0.04~0.10 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~11.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A213 | TP304L | S30403 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~12.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A213 | TP316L | S31603 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 10.0~14.0 | 2.00~3.00 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP316 | S31600 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 10.0~14.0 | 2.00~3.00 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP316H | S31609 | 0.04~0.10 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 11.0~14.0 | 2.00~3.00 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP317 | S31700 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 11.0~15.0 | 3.0~4.0 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP317L | S31703 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 11.0~15.0 | 3.0~4.0 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP321 | S32100 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~12.0 | 5*(C+N)~0.70 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP321H | S32109 | 0.04~0.10 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~12.0 | 4*(C+N)~0.70 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP347 | S34700 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~20.0 | 9.00~13.00 | 10*C~1.10 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP347H | S34709 | 0.04~0.10 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~12.00 | 8*C~1.10 | |||||
| ASTM A213 | TP310S | S31008 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 24.0~26.0 | 19.0~22.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A213 | T91 | K90901 | 0.07~0.14 | 0.20~0.50 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 8.0~9.5 | 0.4 | 0.85~1.05 | 0.030~0.070 | 0.06~0.1 | 0.18~0.25 | 0.04 |
| Standard | Grade | UNS | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | N | Ti | Nb | V | Al |
| ASTM A269 | TP304 | S30400 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~11.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A269 | TP304L | S30403 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~12.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A269 | TP316 | S31600 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 10.0~14.0 | 2.0~3.0 | |||||
| ASTM A269 | TP316L | 31603 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 10.0~15.0 | 2.0~3.0 | |||||
| ASTM A269 | TP317 | S31700 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 11.0~15.0 | 3.0~4.0 | |||||
| ASTM A269 | TP321 | S32100 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.0~12.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A269 | TP347 | S34700 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 17.0~190 | 9.0~12.0 | 10*C~1.10 |
| Standard | Grade | UNS | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | N | Ti | Nb | V | Al |
| ASTM A511 | T304 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~11.0 | |||||||
| ASTM A511 | T304L | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 8.0~13.0 | |||||||
| ASTM A511 | T310S | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 24.0~26.0 | 19.0~22.0 | |||||||
| ASTM A511 | T316 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 11.0~14.0 | 2.0~3.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A511 | T316L | 0.035 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 16.0~18.0 | 10.0~15.0 | 2.0~3.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A511 | T317 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 18.0~20.0 | 11.0~14.0 | 3.0~4.0 | ||||||
| ASTM A511 | T321 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 17.0~20.0 | 9.0~13.0 | |||||||
| ASTM A511 | T347 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 17.0~20.0 | 9.0~13.0 |
| Standard | Grade | UNS | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | N | Ti | Nb | V | Al |
| EN10216-5 | 1.4301 | 0.07 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 17.00~19.00 | 8.0~10.50 | 0.11 | ||||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4307 | 0.03 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 17.5~19.5 | 8.00~10.00 | 0.11 | ||||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4306 | 0.03 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 18.00~20.00 | 10.00~12.00 | 0.11 | ||||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4401 | 0.07 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 16.50~18.50 | 10.00~13.00 | 2.00~2.50 | 0.11 | |||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4404 | 0.03 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 16.50~18.50 | 10.00~13.00 | 2.00~2.50 | 0.11 | |||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4432 | 0.03 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 16.50~18.50 | 11.0~12.50 | 2.50~3.00 | ||||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4435 | 0.03 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 17.0~19.0 | 12.50~15.00 | 2.50~3.00 | 0.11 | |||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4541 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~12.00 | 5C~0.70 | ||||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4571 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 16.50~18.50 | 10.50~13.50 | 2.00~2.50 | 5C~0.80 | |||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.455 | 0.08 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 17.0~19.0 | 9.00~12.00 | 10*C~1.00 | ||||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4845 | 0.15 | 0.750 | 2.000 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 24.0~26.0 | 19.0~22.0 | |||||||
| EN10216-5 | 1.4462 | 0.03 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 21.0~23.0 | 4.50~6.50 | 2.50~3.50 | 0.08~0.20 |
super stainless steel
| Standard | Grade | UNS | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | N | Cu |
| B677-04 | 904L | N08904 | 0.02 | 1.000 | 2.000 | 0.045 | 0.035 | 19.0~23.0 | 23.0~28.0 | 4.0~5.0 | 1.0~2.0 | |
| EN10216-5 | 1.4539 | 0.02 | 0.700 | 2.000 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 19.00~21.00 | 24.00~26.00 | 4.0~5.0 | 0.15 | 1.20~2.00 | |
| A312 | 254SMO | S31254 | 0.02 | 0.800 | 1.000 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 19.5~20.50 | 17.50~18.50 | 6.0~6.5 | 0.18~0.25 | 0.50~1.00 |
| EN10216-5 | 1.4547 | 0.02 | 0.700 | 1.000 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 19.5~20.50 | 17.50~18.50 | 6.0~7.0 | 0.18~0.25 | 0.50~1.00 |
double standards
| Grade | C | Si | Mn | P | S | N | Cr | Mo | Ni | Ti | Rp0.2 | Rp1.0 | Rm | El% (l) | Remark |
| Standard | EN 10216-5/ASTM A312 | ||||||||||||||
| 1.4404/1.4401 | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 16.50-18.50 | 2.00-2.50 | 10.00-13.00 | 205 | 240 | 510-690 | 40 | ||
| 1.4404/TP316L | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 16.50-18.00 | 2.00-2.50 | 10.00-13.00 | 190 | 225 | 490-690 | 40 | ||
| 1.4404/1.4401/TP316L/TP316 | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 16.50-18.00 | 2.00-2.50 | 11.00 -13.00 | 205 | 240 | 515-690 | 40 | ||
| 1.4571/TP316Ti | 0.08 | ≤0.75 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.10 | 16.50 -18.00 | 2.00- 2.50 | 10.50-13.50 | 5*(C+N )to 0.70 | 210 | 245 | 515-730 | 35 | |
| 1.4541/TP321 | 0.08 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | 5*(C+N) to 0.70 | 205 | 235 | 515-730 | 35 | OD≤9.5 | |
| 500-730 | 35 | OD≥9.5 | |||||||||||||
| 1.4541/TP321/TP321H | 0.04-0.08 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.10 | 17.00 -19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | 5*(C+N) to 0.60 | 205 | 235 | 515-730 | 35 | OD≤9.5 | |
| 500-730 | 35 | OD≥9.5 | |||||||||||||
| 1.4301/TP304 | 0.07 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 18.00-19.50 | 8.00-10.50 | 205 | 230 | 515-700 | 40 | |||
| 1.4301/1.4307 | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 17.50-19.50 | 8.00 -10.00 | 195 | 230 | 500-680 | 40 | |||
| 1.4301/ TP304/TP304L | 0.035 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 18.00-19.50 | 8.00-10.50 | 205 | 230 | 515-700 | 40 | |||
| 1.4301/1.4307/TP304/TP304L | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 18.00-19.50 | 8.00-10.00 | 205 | 230 | 515-680 | 40 | |||
| Grade | C | Si | Mn | P | S | N | Cr | Mo | Ni | Ti | Rp0.2 | Rp1.0 | Rm | El% (l) | Remark |
| Standard | EN 10216-5/SEW 470/ASTM A213 | ||||||||||||||
| 1.4404/1.4401 | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 16.50-18.50 | 2.00-2.50 | 10.00-13.00 | 205 | 240 | 510-690 | 40 | ≤90 | |
| 1.4404/1.4401/TP316/TP316L | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 16.50-18.00 | 2.00-2.50 | 10.00-13.00 | 205 | 240 | 515-690 | 40 | ≤90 | |
| 1.4571/TP316Ti | 0.08 | ≤0.75 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.10 | 16.50-18.00 | 2.00-2.50 | 10.50-13.50 | 5*(C+N)-0.70 | 210 | 245 | 515-730 | 35 | ≤90 |
| 1.4541/1.4878 | 0.08 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | 5*C-0.70 | 210 | 235 | 500-730 | 40 | ≤90 | ||
| 1.4541/1.4878/TP321/TP321H | 0.04-0.08 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | 5*(C+N)-0.70 | 210 | 235 | 515-730 | 40 | ≤90 | ||
| 1.4301/1.4307 | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 17.50-19.50 | 8.00 -10.00 | 195 | 230 | 500-680 | 40 | ≤90 | ||
| 1.4301/1.4307/TP304/TP304L | 0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | ≤0.11 | 18.00-19.50 | 8.00-10.00 | 205 | 230 | 515-680 | 40 | ≤90 | ||
Type of products:
Pipe and tube
U-Tube
Square
Rectangle
Butting weld fitting
Flange
Summary
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS are the most common and familiar types of stainless steel. They are most easily recognized as nonmagnetic. They are extremely formable and weldable, and they can be successfully used from cryogenic temperatures to the red-hot temperatures of furnaces and jet engines. They contain between about 16% and 25% chromium, and they can also contain nitrogen in solution, both of which contribute to their high corrosion resistance. Were it not for the cost of the nickel that helps stabilize their austenitic structure, these alloys would be used even more widely. The range from basic grades like 304 through to super austenitic such as 904L and 6% molybdenum grades.
Austenitic stainless steel can be tested by nondestructive testing using the dye penetrant inspection method but not the magnetic particle inspection method. Eddy current testing may also be used. It is the primary stainless steel used in aviation construction. Chemical and steel industry-applicable grades are steel grade 308, 308L,316, 316L, 316LN (nitrogen bearing), 312, 309L, and 310L. “L” denotes a carbon percentage less than 0.03%, mostly used for corrosion heat resistance and reducing sensitivity to chromium carbide formation. Another grade, 312, is used for dissimilar steel welding, also known as universal alloy steel as unknown composition steels can be welded. For high temperature applications at greater than 600°C, grades 309 and 310 are preferred. Grade 316 is alloyed with molybdenum (~2–3%) for high-temperature strength, pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.
By adding elements such as molybdenum, titanium or copper, the properties of the steel can be modified. These modifications can make the steel suited to high temperature applications or increase corrosion resistance. Most steels become brittle at low temperatures but the nickel in austenitic stainless makes it suited to low temperature of cryogenic applications.
Introduction
Austenitic stainless steels have many advantages from a metallurgical point of view. They can be made soft enough (i.e., with a yield strength about 200 MPa) to be easily formed by the same tools that work with carbon steel, but they can also be made incredibly strong by cold work, up to yield strengths of over 2000 MPa (290 ksi). Their austenitic (fcc, face-centered cubic) structure is very tough and ductile down to absolute zero. They also do not lose their strength at elevated temperatures as rapidly as ferritic (bcc, body-centered cubic) iron base alloys. The least corrosion-resistant versions can withstand the normal corrosive attack of the everyday environment that people experience, while the most corrosion-resistant grades can even withstand boiling seawater. If these alloys were to have any relative weaknesses, they would be: 1. Austenitic stainless steels are less resistant to cyclic oxidation than are ferritic grades. because their greater thermal expansion coefficient tends to cause the protective oxide coating to spall. 2. They can experience stress corrosion cracking (SCC) if used in an environment to which they have insufficient corrosion resistance. 3. The fatigue endurance limit is only about 30% of the tensile strength (vs. ~50 to 60% for ferritic stainless steels). This, combined with their high thermal expansion coefficients, makes them especially susceptible to thermal fatigue. However, the risks of these limitations can be avoidable by taking proper precautions.